

A compromised server would allow the server to man-in-the-middle all new connections (as in, if Alice and Bob have never talked to each other before, the Server/Eva can MITM the x3dh key exchange and all subsequent communication). That’s why verifying your contact’s signatures out-of-band is so important.
(And if you did verify signatures in this case, then the issue would immediately be apparent, yes.)
Edit: I was wrong. See below.




Huh - you’re right. I went back to Signal’s X3DH spec because I was sure I was right, but it seems I misremembered how the “prekey bundles” work: Users publish these to the server, allowing (in my original assumption) for the server to just swap them out for a server/attacker-controlled key bundle for each Alice and Bob.
However, when Alice wants to send Bob an initial message and she gets a forged prekey bundle, Bob will simply not be able to derive the same key and communication will fail, because Bob knows what his SPK private key is, while the server only knows the public key.